Following the recent attack in Pahalgam, India has accused Pakistan of responsibility and announced its intention to reconsider the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). Pakistan has strongly denied these allegations. This development raises concerns about the future of a decades-old agreement critical to both nations.
Below, we examine what the Indus Waters Treaty is, its historical significance, and why it matters for Pakistan and India.
Background of The Indus Waters Treaty (1960)
In 1960, India began constructing dams and diverting water from key tributaries of the Indus River—such as the Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, and Chenab. Pakistan objected, as these rivers naturally flow into Pakistan and merge with the Indus in Punjab. India’s actions threatened Pakistan’s water supply, leading to a dispute that was eventually mediated by the World Bank. After negotiations, a landmark agreement—the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT)—was signed on September 19, 1960, in Karachi by then-Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s President Ayub Khan.
Key Provisions of the Treaty
Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) – Allocated to India for unrestricted use. Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) – Granted to Pakistan, with India permitted limited use for specific purposes like hydropower and agriculture, but not to disrupt the natural flow.
Dispute Resolution – Any disagreements would be settled through neutral arbitration, ensuring a fair mechanism for conflict resolution.
Why the Treaty Matters For Pakistan
The Indus and its tributaries are the lifeline of its agriculture, providing 90% of Pakistan’s freshwater supply. Any disruption could devastate its economy and food security.
For India
While India has rights over the eastern rivers, the treaty ensures stability, preventing water wars and fostering regional cooperation.
Current Crisis
(April 2025) On April 23, 2025, India announced a suspension of the treaty, citing Pakistan’s alleged involvement in the Pahalgam attack. Pakistan has rejected these claims, warning that such a move could escalate tensions further.
What’s Next?
If India follows through, it could trigger a humanitarian and ecological crisis in Pakistan, while also damaging India’s international standing as a reliable treaty partner.
The World Bank may need to intervene again to prevent a full-blown water conflict. The Indus Waters Treaty has survived multiple wars and political crises—will it withstand this latest challenge?
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